Causes of the Egyptian Revolution

Causes of the Egyptian Revolution CHAPTER II Literature Review Revolution is a process of rapid and fundamental change of the social, economic, and political systems, leading to collapsing an old regime and its associated elite. By studying concepts and historical examples of revolutions, we can find some valuable points common for all revolutionist movements, thus helping analyze the motives of the Egyptian Revolution. Ted Robert Gurr defines revolution as, â€Å"highly organized political violence with wide spread general participation, designed to over-throw the regime or dissolve the state and accompanied by extensive violence.†[1] The term revolution can be used differently in many contexts; however, it usually means a violent overthrow of a regime or social structure or a great sudden change in social principles. A revolution typically characterizes a complete change from one way of doing something to a different way that is usually represents the reverse. Gurr writes, men are quick to aspire beyond their social means and quick to anger when those means prove inadequate, but slow to accept their limitations.[2] He also states, â€Å"people act out their frustrations if they believe that they stand a chance of relieving some of their discontent through violence.[3] He explains this, however, by signifying that angry people are likely to be more open to arguments that violence would help, so emotion eliminates the calculation, making acts less than rational. Jeff Goodwin gives two explanations for revolution. He defined revolution in one definition as any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extra-constitutional and/or violent fashion. He made also a narrow definition and points out â€Å"revolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic and/or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.[4] Both definitions tell us that revolutions are instruments for changing a system. From another perspective, Jack Goldstone defines revolution as an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and non-institutionalized actions that undermine authorities. [5] He does not talk about large mobilization movements. He simply mentions revolutions as an effort to change political institutions. Proponents of Marxist thought use the term revolution in a very particular way. While reforms are changes in existing social and cultural system, social revolutions cause a sudden shift from one social order to another. For example, Theda Skocpol described revolution as rapid, basic transformations of a societys state and class structures; and they are accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below,†[6] attaching revolutions to a combination of several conflicts between state, bourgeoisies and the lower class people. She also states, â€Å"revolutions are not just extreme forms of individual or collective behavior. They are distinctive conjectures of socio-historical structures and processes,†[7] attributing revolutions to social elements. What observable political conditions ought to prevail before a revolution begins? Charles Tilly states that three conditions appear to be necessary, and a fourth strongly facilitating. The three apparently necessary conditions are as follows: Alliances or coalitions of contenders, bringing forward claims to the control the state that is currently being controlled by the members of the regime. A significant part of the given population’s commitment to those claims Reluctance or ineffectiveness of the government to put an end to these alternative coalitions or people’s commitment to their claims. Establishment of alliances or coalitions between members of the regime and the contenders bringing forward alternative claims.[8] From a different of view, James Defronzo explains conditions that make revolutions possible in terms of five factors: mass frustration, divided elites, unifying motivations that unite different social groups in support of revolution, a severe political crisis for the government including legitimacy loss and loyalty of armed forces, and a permissive or tolerant world environment in which other nations do not intervene to stop a revolution from developing.[9] He argues that a high amount of mass discontent usually stems from three steps independently or a combination of them: a decline in living situations; a change in the moral tolerability of current conditions involving people feeling that their lives can and should be better; or a period of betterment in the people’s living conditions followed by a severe decline.[10] Displeasure previous to an outburst of a revolutionary movement is often deepened by sensational events that stir up many people such as violent government suppression of challengers. According to Jack Goldstone, revolutions rarely triumph because the conditions rarely coincide. Monarchic states are able to sustain popular support through making appeals respect for nationalism and royal tradition. Privileged elites, who are often enriched by such governments, will only abandon them if their conditions or the doctrine of the rulers changes radically. It is difficult for a general mobilization to triumph because it requires reconciliation of the different interests of the rural or urban poor, students, the middle class people, and many ethnic or social groups. There are many events in history such as student activists, workers strikes, and peasant uprisings that were quickly suppressed because they were a movement of one single group, rather than of a large one. Other international states have often gotten involved in these uprisings to support authoritarian rulers in order to preserve balance and make the international system stable.[11] Even if revolutionary efforts fail, they can possibly result in significant social change. Government or dominant groups will make concessions so as to settle down the protestors, when people try to make an important change in society. Even if these concessions do not satisfy the people’s demands of a total change, they can indicate significant progress. At times, social change can take place step by step because unsuccessful revolts gradually lead a society into a different way, until a new lifestyle is finally achieved. Not all turbulence should be labelled as revolution. Political turmoil is highly possible during the process of modernization. In Samuel Huntington’s words â€Å"it is not a lack of modernity rather the efforts to achieve it that causes political turmoil.†[12] Social mobilization and economic development may be disruptive. For example, economic development results in high economic inequality and social mobilization causing that inequality to be less legitimate.[13] A discrepancy between the public wellbeing and private interest becomes apparent when a culture improves, resulting in the rise of corruption as a problem. This problem can lead to the entrance of new groups to the current political system, or it can promote economic growth if government creates it through the expanse of government regulation. Though corruption may weaken the current regime, it can make political parties stronger, and in fact promote political development in countries where the regime has too much authority.[14] Theda Skocpol states that social revolutions are rapid and basic transformations of a societys state and class structures. What makes Social Revolutions important is that basic changes in social and political structure occur and these changes take place by means of intense sociopolitical conflict.[15] In the end, these changes lead to the collapse of one system and the erection a new one. The French Revolution was a social and political one that supplanted feudalism with capitalism. People did not just get rid of the monarchy, but also they killed thousands of aristocrats who had taken advantage of people for centuries. Peasants made up most of the people and the feudal relationship between those peasants and landlords was eradicated. It paved the way for capitalist relationships of manufacture and trade. In â€Å"Comparative Revolutionary Movements,† Thomas H. Greene argues that if economic conditions of a state worsen, they can lead to a revolution.[16] The reason for the economic downturn, which led to the overturn of the government in Ghana, was the worsening agricultural production that caused great trade imbalance, a huge overseas loan, and extremely high unemployment rates.[17] Likewise, the economic crisis between 1970s and 1980s in Poland exploded enormous revolts and high rates of discontent.[18] Neil Smelser states that economic issues, such as unemployment, food scarcities, rising food prices, and decreased earnings are related to the upsurge of violence between Mexico and England in a situation similar to what was seen before the French Revolution.[19] One of the most important factors that gave rise to the Mexican revolution in 1911 was the economic crisis that the country experienced at the end of Porfirio Diaz’s rule. High levels of inflation and unemployment rates in the last four years of Diaz`s reign, causing Mexico to experience deterioration and stagnation. Decline in the price of sugar, which was the country’s chief export product, was the main reason behind the decline in the Mexican economy. Likewise, in Cuba, the over-dependence on sugar as an economic incentive brought about high levels of unemployment rate and worsening economic conditions when exports to the U.S. diminished. The economic crisis of the late 1950s was only credited to sugar plantation and following unemployment. This over-dependence on single business, together with widespread corruption and nepotism by the Batista government also brought about increasing unemployment rates, particularly during non-growing seasons. The living standard in Cuba decreased dramatically because Cuban wages were unable to contend with high inflation levels during the 1950s. [20] History of revolutions in Egypt Making revolution is not something new for Egyptians because they have had three momentous revolutions in their history. One of them was he 1881 Urabi Revolution which dethroned a crooked and comprador monarchs. Another one was the Revolution of 1919, which almost overthrew British military hegemony, and the other one was 1952 revolution, which initiated the military despotism of Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak for sixty years. Creating the second parliamentary regime on the African Continent, the first revolution turned out to be successful before foreign military intervention changed the form of government. After the defeat, the British formed a colonial rule in Egypt for more than seventy years. The second revolution was a persistent, widespread revolt controlled by a range of pro-democracy protestors from many different civil societies. Although violently suppressed, it did compel the British to make some concessions. The third revolution in Egypt is different from the first two becau se it was a revolution that went out of its way to restrict popular involvement. [21] Anyhow, in 1881 it finally ended the regime of the royal family and started a course of British removal from Egypt. Views on the Causes of the Egyptian Revolution What are the causes that gave rise to this important synergy and resistance? Three main reasons have emerged to explain this mystery: technology, Tunisia, and discomfort.[22] It is obvious that Tunisian unrest was a catalyst, motivating Egyptians to rush out into the streets. The Tunisian government was even more oppressive than the government of Egypt. So if the Tunisians were able to get rid of their ruthless dictator, why could the Egyptians not manage? Tunisian upheaval might have been the starting point, but there are many other important changes in Egypt’s political and social background that also give rise to an explanation for the revolution. Egyptians had increasingly resorted to protests and street politics to claim their demands and disrupt the position of their monarchs. Since 2004, Egypt had seen an increasing number of protests and rallies led by textile and health workers, judges, doctors, pharmacists, lawyers, transportation workers and even property tax collec tors. These workers wanted better salaries and working conditions, and relief from the harsh poverty that has distressed most of the people, whereas the rich became obviously richer and public organizations that in the past delivered service for poor Egyptians descended toward disrepair and jobs decreased as well.[23] People fell into a miserable situation where there were no hopes, nor dreams left for a better future for their children. There are many other assessments regarding the origins of the Egyptian 2011 Revolution. Political thinker and strategist Dr. Tarek Heggy, one of Egypt’s more famous authors on the subject of political reform in Egypt, states that the Egyptian people’s desire for democracy, the ruling system and legal elections were the main motives for the revolution. Another specialist Mohammed Fadel states that bribery and corruption in the government were the most important reasons behind the revolution.[24] Mona El-Ghobashy expresses in her article that the 2011 revolution occurred because there had been an unexpected change in the equal distribution of resources between ruled and rulers.[25] She also provides three reasons for the revolution: â€Å"technology, Tunisia and tribulations.†[26] Moreover, Ursula Lindsey has argued that social media, whereas it did not directly bring about the upheaval, shared a spectacular role in connecting the people who would join latter in the protests.[27] The Bank Information Center (BIC)[28] in 2007 reported that the World Bank had shown the following problems as among the most tenacious challenges that Egypt faced in fighting poverty and maintaining sustainable development: high unemployment, increasing poverty, social and economic inequality, high budget deficit, and net public debt. Every problem, whether it was corruption, the country’s foreign policy, economic conditions or social problems, played a role in motivating Egypt’ s people to revolt. The people, particularly young people, had important access to use of information and communication networks, such as mobile phone services, new social media and TV were important as events blossomed. While the government used the state information, disseminating systems to spread propaganda against the rebellions, the protesters dispersed their message by using means that was creative, disciplined, and revolutionizing. The victory of the revolution, at least for its main demand, resignation of Mubarak, was associated with defamation of state-controlled newscast, a blossoming of home-produced media of all kinds.[29] While social media did not create the Egyptian uprising, they played an immense role in getting together many of the young people who would ultimately join the demonstrations. We Are All Khalid Sa‘id was one of the Facebook groups that was created in 2010 to honor a young man beaten by police and died, having more than half-million members in the protests on January 25, 2011. These groups were instrumental in organizing the protests and a new expression has come into the Egyptian language. The internet-led generation that organized the initial protests is known as the Facebook Kids.[30] In general, street politics and in particular, the Arab street politics were more complicated. The Arab street is chiefly an appearance of public sentiment, but it has experienced important changes in its style and way of expression. Street politics is the contemporary theater of discontent people. It has played a great role in such massive political events as the French Revolution, anti-colonial fights, nineteenth-century industrial movements, the velvet revolutions in Eastern Europe, and various anti-war protests. For ordinary people, the street is the main site of politics, or and it is the chief place to spend time for those who do not generally have positions of power. It is at the same time social and cultural, continuous and present, a home of the strange and the familiar, the visible and the verbal, the street symbolizes a complex place where opinions and attitudes are formed, spread and voiced in a unique way.[31] Economic inequalities and poverty among different groups of society are important precursors for many revolutions. Welch and Taintor mention those concepts in addition to rapid economic worsening, poverty and inequalities between manufacturing and the distribution of that merchandise.[32] Cynthia McClintock argues that the inconsistency between global and domestic markets causes the latter to depend on the former concerning reliance on industrialized states for technology and money.[33] Schultz and Slater state that this dependence essentially triggers the separation of society and diminishing of rural population.[34] The chronic structural problems affecting the Arab world came to a head prior to 2011 through a combination of persistently high unemployment, especially among youth (and educated youth at that), rampant corruption, internal regional and social inequalities, and a further deterioration of economic conditions because of the global 2008 financial crisis and food price increases. Even the initial event in Tunisia that exploded into the Arab Spring upheaval was related to economics. The Tunisian street seller,  ­Mohamed Bouazizi, burnt himself because of his conditions of poverty. [1] Ted Robert Gurr, Why men rebel, Princeton, N.J.: Published for the Center of International Studies, Princeton University [by] Princeton University Press, 1970, 11. [2] Ibid., 58. [3] Ibid., 210. [4] Jeff Goodwin, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991 (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 9. [5] Jack A. Goldstone, Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory, Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (06, 2001), 142. [6] Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 4. [7] Theda Skocpol, France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolutions, Comparative Studies in Society and History 18, no. 2 (Apr., 1976), 177. [8] Charles Tilly, Does Modernization Breed Revolution? Comparative Politics 5, no. 3, Special Issue on Revolution and Social Change (Apr., 1973), 425-447. [9] James DeFronzo, Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2007), 12. [10] James DeFronzo, Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements, 13-14. [11] Jack A. Goldstone, Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies, Foreign Affairs 90, no. 3 (May/Jun 2011, 2011), 8-16. [12] Samuel P. Huntington, Political order in changing societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968 41. [13] Samuel P. Huntington, Political order in changing societies, 59. [14] Ibid., 69-70. [15] Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, 3. [16] Thomas H. Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishing, 1990), 19. [17] Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements, 96. [18] Ibid., 97. [19] Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, the Handbook of Economic Sociology, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 73. [20] Brian H. Pollitt, Sugar, Dependency, and the Cuban Revolution (Glasgow, Scotland: University of Glasgow, 1985), 196-197. [21] Jeannie Lynn Sowers and Christopher J. Toensing, The Journey to Tahrir: Revolution, Protest, and Social Change in Egypt (London; New York: Verso, 2012), 48. [22] Ibid., 21. [23] â€Å"The Architects of the Egyptian Revolution,† The Nation, Saba Mahmood February 14, 2011 [24] Mohamed Fadel, Public Corruption and the Egyptian Revolution of January 25: Can Emerging International Anti-Corruption Norms Assist Egypt Recover Misappropriated Public Funds? Harvard International Law journal, volume 52, April 2011, 293. [25] El-Ghobashy Mona, The Journey to Tahrir, The praxis of the Egyptian revolution, 22 edited by Jeannie Sowers and ChrisToensing, 22. [26] El-Ghobashy Mona, The Journey to Tahrir, 21. [27]El-Ghobashy Mona, The Journey to Tahrir, 54. [28] Bank Information Center (BIC).http://www.bicusa.org,accessed on (October 19, 2013). [29] Jeannie Lynn Sowers, Christopher J. Toensing, The Journey to Tahrir, 53. [30] El-Ghobashy Mona, The Journey to Tahrir, 54. [31]Jeannie Lynn Sowers, Christopher J. Toensing, The Journey to Tahrir, 75. [32] Claude E. Welch and Mavis B. Taintor, Revolution and Political Change, (California: Wadsworth Publishing, 1972), 149. [33] Cynthia McClintock, Revolutionary Movements in Latin America: El Salvador’s FMLN and Peru’s Shining Path, (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998). [34] Schultz and Slater, â€Å"Revolution and Political Change in the Third World,† 34.

Should We Abolish Pennies?

What would it be like without pennies? Without them we can’t use them for changes. Life would be different without pennies. Everything will have to change if we take out pennies in the U. S. If we don’t have pennies, then everything will be rounded off to the nearest five or ten cents. All the products with extra changes in the sale will have to change the amount of its costs to a point where no penny is needed. That’s more work for the workers to do, making all the costs of the items in the store into an amount where pennies aren’t needed. What would happen to the 99 cents store? If the pennies were to be gone, it won’t have the 99 cents store anymore. Sure they can change the cost of items to a dollar, but that is one cent more than the customers used to pay. That may not sound like a lot of money, but think about it, if you buy one hundred items for one hundred dollars, you could’ve save one dollar and one dollar can save a person’s life from starvation. And if they change it to 95 cents, they will lose profit. The sign of the store will have to be changed to whatever cost they decided to change the items to, but they can’t change the sign to â€Å"$1 Store† because there are already a store called that. And if they do change the sign, that means that they have to use their own money to get the new sign, which also means they’ll have less money to use for other necessary things for the store. The sources say that the penny is the lowest denomination coin, but if it were to be gone, the nickel would be the lowest denomination coin. Would it end up like the pennies and would be abolish in the future years? Even if the pennies were to be completely gone, the nickels will have the same complaints that the pennies were having and the complaints of the lowest denomination coin will go on and on until there is no coins left. In taking the pennies off, memories of Abraham Lincoln will be gone. All the things Lincoln did for the U. S. will fade away. We will no longer see him in coins, the 16th president will be less recognized without having a penny as his memory source. Abraham Lincoln will be forever remember with the pennies! This is how it would be like without pennies. Everything will be rounded off up or down. Would you want that to happen? Would you want Abraham Lincoln’s memories to fade away? Every penny counts, just as â€Å"every vote counts†. We must save the pennies!

Internship Report on Zong Pakistan - 1851 Words

MANAGEMENT SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Semester : 6th Assignment No:02 Subject: Consumer Behavior Submitted by: Siraj Munawar (Bs-910) BBA (hon) Submitted to: Dr. Qadir Baloach Date of Submission: ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR (Chartered University) Acknowledgment This assignment would not have been possible to complete without the support of my teacher Dr. Qadir Baloach. I want to express my gratitude to his supervision and guidance which was abundantly helpful and offered†¦show more content†¦Target marketing on the other hand recognizes the diversity of customers and does not try to please all of them with the same offering. The first step in target marketing is to identify different market segments and their needs. Requirements of Market Segments: In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: * Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified. * Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. * Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resources required to target them. * Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. * Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment members that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous; that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. BASIS FOR CONSUMER MARKET SEGMENTATION Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics. 1. Geographic 2. Demographic 3. Psychographic 4. Behavioralistic A)Geographical Segmentation Geographic segmentation is a concept that is widely used in modern dayShow MoreRelatedMba Internship Report Ufone7776 Words   |  32 Pagesto put together this report and I would like to thank my parents for their throughout support, my teachers for instilling in my enough knowledge to be able to carry myself efficiently during my internship and last but not least the staff of Accounts Payable Department especially Mr. Awais Khan, Mr. Waqas Ali, Mr. Saboor , Mr. Akhtar, Mr.Muhammad Farhan., who were extremely helpful during the internship and for the compilation of this report too. Executive Summary This report has been written to fulfillRead MorePest Analysis of Telenor11594 Words   |  47 PagesContents INTRODUCTION 7 Telenor at a Glance 7 Telenor Group 8 Telenor Pakistan 9 History of Telenor 10 The introduction of the telephone 10 Pioneer in mobile communications 10 Norwegian telecom becomes a public corporation 11 International expansion 11 The Telenor Group 2007 11 COMPANY VISION 12 Telenor Vision 12 Mission and Core values of Telenor 12 Make it Easy 13 Keep Promises 13 Be Inspiring 13 Be Respectful 13 External Environment Analysis 14 PEST Analysis 14 Political Analysis

Cases And Labeling Theory Case Analysis - 971 Words

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There are numerous diverse courses for people to be well...

There are numerous diverse courses for people to be well versed and trained with respect to particular data and capabilities they need for do the task which are responsible. These approaches include classroom statements with course readings, Pcs, handheld mechanisms, and other electronic approach. In recent years developer try to developed a new training method which is able to create basic work environment for employee. By rapidly moving social order where there is an incredible arrangement of accessible data and information, embracing and applying data at the correct time and opportune spot is required to fundamental productivity in both school and business settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that breathtakingly moves the†¦show more content†¦It is not imperative to conduct mixed up geometric traineeships or conduct just semantic data. The inexpression in bring up-to-date of an entity or a unit is a secondary consideration. 1.3 Scope I. Information dispersion between users might be heterogeneous. Distinctive users may perform II. The dispersion guideline may as well expedite coordinated effort among consumers. All the same natural info, the propose guideline must help the spread of encountered information, for example errand assignments, goals, and customized messages III. Network connectivity is temperamental. As a user navigates a landscape, gathering quality and transmission capacity may vary 2 Literature review Throughout the most recent not many decades, numerous experts and analysts have been advancing logical speculations and provisions for the reception of AR into both scholastic and commercial situations. There are an incredible number of studies going ahead to enhance the similarity and relevance of AR into honest living. 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Rockaway pipeline Free Essays

I do not support radon gas because of its harmful effects that can affect everyone around or using the gas. Radon is second leading cause of lung cancer, the primary adverse health effect associated with chronic exposure to radon is lung cancer typically bronchogenic, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma. Radon also has the potential to generate genotoxic effects higher incidence of chromosomal aberrations. We will write a custom essay sample on Rockaway pipeline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Radon has been linked with erotogenic effects. Radon and smoking displayed a synergistic effect. Increased levels of exposure to radon increase the probability of observing an effect; however, increased levels of exposure do not necessarily influence the type or severity of the effect. There are no zero risk thresholds for radon exposure, but instead, risk increases proportionate to the exposure time. Pipelines can explode at any time for many different reasons, and those reasons can be the cause of why shopping malls, ouses, and schools could be the victims of a fatal fire after the pipelines explode. You state that the pipelines would have periodic checks and be monitored 24 hours a day, every year, but tell that to the campers of Floyd Benet Park, the trees there are prone to fire, and I sincerely doubt that you wish to spend all your profits fixing on the reparation needed to replenish all the trees. Radon decays to equally radioactive and dangerous particles, like polonium and radioactive lead, In addition, before being broken down to regular, non-radioactive lead. When people breathe in, radon is exhaled, but the radon particles ends up inside the lungs, which then will cause cancer. Only because the radon is a heavy, gas and usually gravitates towards the open floor, making in harmful for children, pets and adults The Radon particles and the progeny can plate out the sides ot gas pipelines, which makes the pipelines hot and radioactive, then making them hazardous. I recently found out that in 1986, EPA had set a limit for exposure to radon in air at 4 picocuries per liter. Being that there is increased exposure to many inds of radiation in the world today. Universities and Organizations like John Hopkins Universities and the World Health Organization have said that 2. 7 picocuries per liter would be a much better standard, but in reality, there is really know safe level of exposure. To Whom is reading this Letter I sincerely hope you take account all of the facts and examples that I have written and explained to you this day, and I hope the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission understands the dangers or this gas and how it can affect our community, How to cite Rockaway pipeline, Papers

Lord Of The Flies Savagery, Power and Fear Essay Example For Students

Lord Of The Flies: Savagery, Power and Fear Essay Page 1 Young children who are left unattended will slowly loose their civilization, which will turn into, Savagery, Power, and Fear. Civilization is when man meets his basic needs in a healthy manner. Savagery is when people revert back to their lost human instincts. Power, in the case of Lord Of the Flies its a position of ascendancy over others: AUTHORITY. Fear is an unpleasant often strong emotion caused by expectation or awareness of danger. Lord of the Flies shows a great amount of uncivilization through out the whole novel. Through all the characters for example when the boys create the Lord of The flies, which is the bloody, severed sows head that Jack impales on a stake in the forest glade as an offering to the beast. This complicated symbol is most important image in the novel when Simon confronts the sows head in the glade and it seems to speak to him, telling him that evil lies within every human heart and promising to have some fun with him This fun foreshadows Simons death in the following chapter. In this way, the Lord of the Flies becomes a physical manifestation of the beast, a symbol of the power of evil, and a kind of Satan figure who evokes the beast within each human being. Looking at the novel in the context of biblical parallels, the Lord of the Flies recalls the devil, just as Simon recalls Jesus. In fact, the name Lord of the Flies is a literal translation of the bible name Beelzebub, a powerful demon in hell sometimes thought to be the devil himself. Spark notes This is very uncivilized. Page 2 Savagery is most often found when young children or any human if put in the same position lose the instincts of human ways. This is portrayed through the book Lord Of The Flies. The beast is one way this is shown. The imaginary beast that frightens all the boys stands for the primal instinct of savagery that exists within all human beings. The boys are afraid of the beast, but only Simon reaches the realization that they fear the beast because it exists within each of them. As the boys grow more savage, their belief in the beast grows stronger. By the end of the novel, the boys behavior is what brings the beast into existences, so the more savagely they act, the more real the beast seems to become. Sparknotes, Themes, Motifs and Symbols. Jack one of the young boys who were stranded on the island is very savage, for example when Jack cannot bare the thought of someone else telling his story about how he killed a pig, he begins, we spread round. I crept. On hands and knees. The spear s fell out because they hadnt no barbs on. The pig ran away and made an awful noise-  it turned back and ran into the circle, bleeding we closed in- I cut the pigs throat. Golding 79. Jack had reverted back to uncivilized ways because his civilization had been shattered because of being stranded on the island. Jack even gets the rest of the boys to join in dancing around the fire as they were cooking the meet from the pig they were saying kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. Golding 79. Savagery can destroy civilization. It only takes one person to become uncivilized and the others will slowly follow after. But on the other hand is it only children who become savages when left unattended or can young people who .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .postImageUrl , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:hover , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:visited , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:active { border:0!important; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:active , .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2 .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10f5f6d662d0f452758b403fa659f7a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' By Harper Lee EssayPage 3 have grown up in good neutering homes become savages, the answer is yes according to an article called In Harms way, One in three Canadian girls will experience a controlling, abusive dating situation first article, says Dr. Jill Murray, a psychotherapist and author of but I love him. This shows us that people who are taught to be civilized will sometime turn uncivilized and take it out on other humans. Another part of civilization is power, someone must have the most and someone must have the least or in other words someone must be dominant, and someone must be oppressed. In Lord of the Flies, Jack was the dominate person. He oppressed Ralph. When Ralph attempted to instill some rules so things could run smoothly, Jack refused to listen to anything he said, for example when Golding wrote, Jack! Jack! You havent got the conch! Let him speak. Jacks face swam near him. And you shut up! Who are you anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do. You cant hunt, you cant sing- Im chief. I was chosen. Why should choosing make any difference? Just give orders that dont make sense- Piggys got the conch. Thats right-favor Piggy as you always do pg 98 another example of this is found in http://www.bookrags.com/notes/lof/PART8.htm when it says, At this, Jack requests a vote from the group to remove Ralph from power. No one raises his or her hands and so, lacking support for the motion, he a bruptly declares his defection from Ralphs society. Here is the turning point as the group officially Page 4 splits, although signs of rising tensions between the two have been evident throughout. Jack disappears, inviting all who want to be a hunter to join his new society. Table of contents this shows that Ralph still has some power but Jack is slowly taking it away from him. Another example of dominant power in uncivilized people is in the book the Pearl. At the beginning of the book, Kino goes to the doctor to find help for his baby boy, who was stung by a scorpion. When he arrived at the doctor, who was not of his culture. This doctor was of a race which for nearly four hundred years had beaten  and starved and robbed and despised Kinos race. steinback pg 11. The doctor rejects Kino of any help for his son due to the lack of money. The extent of oppression and domination of the doctor and Kino, can be obviously seen. For the doctor is the dominator and Kino is the oppressor. Civilization can also be terminated by fear. Fear can be used in so many ways. When William Golding used fear he chose to pick on one person which was obviously shown. Which was the person who was hated by the person who had the power and that was Ralph. Ralph had to fear for his life in the end of the novel, as Jack and his team tries to kill him. A face. The savage peered into the obscurity beneath the thicket. In the middle was a blob of dark and the savage wrinkled up his face! The seconds lengthened! Dont scream. Youll get back. Hes making sure. A stick sharpened. Ralph screamed, a scream of fright and anger and desperation. His legs straightened, the screams became continuous and foaming. He shot forward, Page 5 burst the ticket was in the open, screaming, snarling, bloody. He swung the stake and the savage tumbled over; but there were others coming towards him, crying out pg 199. Jack is hunting Ralph. Jack is using his control to cause unbearable fear in Ralph. Ralphs civilization has been crushed. Also in chapter 12 of lord of the flies it there is a quote that says Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called piggy. pg 225 Fear in the pearl is not as bad as it is in Lord of the Flies but it still is present. Kinos great fear is the loss of his pearl, his prized possession, and he will do anything to keep it. But, to keep his fear real, the townspeople have to send people to steal the pearl, because without it there would be no fear for Kino. Juana says, Will they follow us? Do you think they will try to find us? and in response, Kino shows his fear by repeating the last idea. They will try. Whoever finds us will take the pearl, oh they will try. steinback pg 65 Kinos fear is very real, and he knows it, in fact, Juana knows it too. By controlling and keeping this family under fear, everyone else has the upper hand. This family even leaves there civilization, the land they know, all for this pearl and it is because of fear. .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .postImageUrl , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:hover , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:visited , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:active { border:0!important; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:active , .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3056254d7f7725d8f24dba51b7bf7beb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arthur Miller was born in 1915 in New York EssaySavagery, Fear and power all cause the downfall of civilization. Its like an eggshell and each part that breaks of is something of on civilization.